Periodontal Comparison on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Healthy Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze periodontal comparison between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) subject and healthy control. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 122 subjects, 61 SLE patients and 61 healthy subjects who visited the Rheumatology Department, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, during 2017-2018. Clinical examination of SLE was using Mexican SLE Disease Activity Index and oral cavity conditions were assessed using the periodontal index, gingival index, calculus index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and mobility teeth. Results: The age of SLE patients ranged from 18-55 years old with the mean age of 29.50 ± 9.57 years old. Periodontitis was higher in SLE patients (88.5%) than healthy subjects (22.95%). In addition, periodontitis occurrence in SLE (2.66 ± 1.02) was significantly different (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects (0.51 ± 0.81). Conclusion: This study found higher rates of periodontitis, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, and mobility tooth among SLE patients compared to healthy subjects. Periodontitis was also found to be higher along with more severe SLE group.

Anti-atherosclerotic activity of n-Hexane extract of Eleutherine americana Merr. on human macrophage primary cell culture

Atherosclerosis, a chronic disorder and the main pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, is initiated by theformation of the macrophage foam cell at the subendothelial layer of the blood vessel wall. This study aimed toinvestigate the anti-atherosclerosis activity of n-hexane extract of Eleutherine americana Merr. (E. americana) onhuman macrophage through in vitro induction with oxidized-Low Density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The macrophagewas obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were isolated from the serum of a healthy male.After the monocytes were maturely differentiated, the n-hexane extract of E. americana with a dose of 0.25, 1, and2 mg/ml was added before stimulation with ox-LDL. The foam cell was determined through Oil Red O staining, theexpressions of Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and Adenosine Triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1/G1 (ABCA1/ABCG1) were measured by immunofluorescence, and the activity of peroxisome-proliferator-activator receptor γ(PPARγ) was measured through Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results demonstrated that the foam celland the expression of TLR4 on the group with E. americana extract treatment were lower than the ox-LDL group (p <0.05). The expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 on the group that was given the extract was higher than ox-LDL group(p < 0.05). This study concluded that the n-hexane extract of E. americana demonstrated anti-atherosclerosis activityon human macrophage induced with ox-LDL.

Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries Status on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the oral hygiene and dental caries status on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, also it's with SLE disease activity. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted on 93 SLE patients from 2017 to 2019 on Saiful Anwar Hospital Indonesia. All SLE patients had clinical examination using DMF-T, Personal Hygiene Performance-Modified (PHP-M), Calculus Index (CI), Debris Index (DI), Plaque Index (PI) and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Clinical examination and laboratory tests are conducted to assess the activity of SLE measured using. The data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA test. Results: A total of 74% of subjects with SLE had dental caries. PHP-M with SLE severity was found significant (p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.982). Plaque with SLE severity was found significant (p=0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.938). OHI-S with SLE severity was found significant (p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.953). DMF-T levels with SLE severity was found significant (p=0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.974). It showed that the severity of disease activity was related to poor oral hygiene and a high incidence of dental caries. Conclusion: There is a correlation between oral hygiene, dental caries and SLE severity.

Periodontal Tissue Condition on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Clinical Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate periodontal tissue condition on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and its characteristics. Material and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 61 SLE patients. Clinical examination of the oral cavity was performed using periodontal index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and number of loose teeth. Also, we evaluated SLE duration, treatment duration, ethnics, marital status, educational background, family income, and occupation. Results: In the evaluation of periodontal tissue, 93.4% had bleeding on probing, 80.3% clinical attachment loss, and 16.3% loose teeth. A total of 54 patients (88.5%) with SLE had periodontitis. Seven subjects had no periodontitis, 11 mild periodontitis, 29 moderate periodontitis and 14 severe periodontitis. Mean Periodontal Index score, Gingival Index, Clinical Attachment Loss (mm), and the number of mobility teeth, Plaque Index and Calculus Index respectively were 2.66 ± 1.20, 1.95 ± 1.02, 0.75 ± 0.59 mm, 1,49 ± 1.77. There was a significant difference in periodontal index score, shown periodontitis between employment and unemployment subjects (p=0.004) and a moderate correlation between periodontitis and occupation. Conclusion: Periodontitis found as manifestations SLE patients, followed by bleeding on probing and loose teeth. Its characteristics is playing a role in periodontitis in SLE patients.